Employee Handbook Essay

When employers are putting together the employee handbook, they need to include some legal issues that may apply when there are any disputes or how go along with some procedures. The handbook is used to familiarize the employees with the policies and procedures that are to be followed in the organization. Employers may include certain provisions that dictate how the employees may carry out certain activities without putting the employer’s business in jeopardy. The employers should ensure that they use the right language that will be later be interpreted by the employees in the right manner and that may not be violating employee organizational rights. Most employers ensure that the employee handbook has certain restrictions that prevent employees from sharing the employer’s confidential information with outsiders. Such information is not usually available to the public and if it happens that it is leaked out, it would cause some damages to their business. However, it is under the National Labor Relations act (NLRA) that the employees are free to discuss details about their compensation or conditions against which they have been employed with other people who are not part of the organization. The NLRB prohibits employers from giving policies of this nature. One of the Sections in the NLRA states that employees have a right to join or form unions or even be engaged in concerted activities. However another section states that there are unfair labor practices that may be faced by an employer if employees join or form these unions or engage in other concerted activities. There may be problematic employee organizational rights that are under the NRLA but the employers can draft them in such a way that they are lawful according to the Act. The employers may include some anti-union statements that may be used when employees engage in unfair labor practices. Whatever provisions are included in the handbook about legal considerations such as how the employer may violate the rights of the employees and generally how each party should conduct its activities without hurting each other. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS With many and different types of employees from different parts of a nation or even region, there is always a need for the employers to have certain considerations concerning the ethical culture of the organization. The ethical culture of an organization defines how the employees are to carry out all the operations in the organization. Employees are supposed to treat customers with much respect since they are the major source of profits for the organization. They are supposed to take care of the interests of the employers and at the same time take care of their own interests. These interests should not be in conflict since they depend on the employer and the employer also depends on their efforts. The ethical considerations may also involve how to pass information to their core workers or the line managers or even to the top management. They are supposed to use a certain communication channel that has been specified in the employee handbook. Communication is one of the important aspects in a business and therefore employers may consider this as one of the elements that determine the public image that they depict to the general public. Privacy is also a matter of ethical consideration whereby the employees are obligated to keep information about their employer to themselves and not discuss their terms and conditions of their employment. Each organization and employer will have their own considerations to include in the employee handbooks but they should conform to the Acts of the National Labor Relations Act. Roger K. G. , Bankovich, C. & Browning,J. (2005). What’s in Your Employee Handbook? Some Provisions May Be Harmful Rather Than Helpful Under the National Labor Relations Act. ASHHRA/IRI 24th Labor Activity Report. Papademetriou, L. (2003). Employee Handbook: We Scare Because We Care. London: Random House Publishers.

Elementary English In Overcrowded Classes Education Essay

Learning Elementary English in Overcrowded Classes for True Beginners at Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo ( UASD ) . Santana, Isaias, 2010: The proposal, NOVA Southeastern University, Fischler School of Education and Human Services. Learning/Overcrowded Classes/Large Classes/ True Beginners/ False Beginners/Educational Research. The intent of this survey will be to find if there are differences in larning simple English for true novices in overcrowded categories, and if the application of 5 pedagogycal learning tecniques will better the learning acquisition procedure. This research will compare 2 set of groups of overcrowded schoolrooms ( experimental and traditional ) utilizing 5 learning tecniques with 2 groups of ideal categories in which the 5 learning techniques will be applied to see if there are a important difference in the learning procedure of true novices in overcrowded categories. Findingss will be based on standardised achievement trial of the method Standard that these pupils use in simple English categories at UASD. Table of Contentss Chapter 1: Introduction aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ 4 Nature of the job aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦.4 Background and significance of the job aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.5 Purpose of the survey aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦6 Research inquiries aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..6 Null hypothesis aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦7 Hypothesis aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..7 Definitions of termsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦7 Chapter 2: Reappraisal of the literature aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦.12 Surveies based on overcrowded categories aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦10 Negative effects of overcrowded classesaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦10 Techniques to learn overcrowded categories aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..14 Chapter 3: MethodologyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 17 Participants aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦ 17 Instruments aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦ 17 Procedures aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦ . 17 Restrictions of the studyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.19 Anticipated results aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.19 Timeline aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 19 Evaluation program aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦19 Implementation matrix aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ .21 Mentions Chapter 1: Introduction Learning to pass on in English is of a great importance for the pupils of the modern linguistic communication calling at Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo ( UASD ) . However, the sum of pupils enrolled in the university is over 160, 000 which makes most of the classs to be overcrowded. This state of affairs goes to detriment of the acquisition procedure, specifically, in the simple degrees in which the pupils should hold on the footing to get the hang the linguistic communication. For that ground, it is required to look into the effects of overcrowded categories in the acquisition procedure to acquire feasible solutions to the teaching-learning procedure of the English linguistic communication in order to place learning techniques that help to better the proficiency of the pupils in simple English categories. Nature of the job Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo ( UASD ) is the public university of the Dominican Republic which has faced a encouragement in the registration of pupils every twelvemonth due to the fact that going a unmarried man or acquiring a unmarried man grade is the demand to acquire a nice occupation chance in the state. Therefore, pupils in the Dominican Republic at the minute of analyzing at the university degree have two ways. One is traveling to a private university, and the other 1 is traveling to the populace university which has a figure of features, such as prestigiousness, tradition, low tuition, and subdivisions around the state among other elements. These features make UASD really attractive for most Black friars at the minute of taking a university. As a consequence, the figure of pupils has increased over160, 000. This sum of pupils has been maintained from 2007 to 2009 harmonizing to the statistic office of the university. For this ground, the professors of the Languages D epartment have to work with categories from 30 to over 50 pupils. This fact has made the instruction procedure hard to manage, so this state of affairs is damaging for the teaching-learning procedure in the simple English degrees in which true novices struggle to hold on the minimal cognition of the English linguistic communication in order to go through the degree, but non to larn the linguistic communication decently. Therefore, the intent of this research will be to find the troubles in larning simple English in overcrowded categories for true novices at UASD ( Santo Domingo ) in order to implement learning techniques to better the acquisition procedure. Background and significance of the job UASD is the public university of the Dominican Republic which in 1966 changed its doctrine to an unfastened and critical university for the multitudes ( Cuello et al. , 2007 ) . This doctrine and the demand of acquiring a grade made the enrolment rate triple the sum of pupils from 1995 to 2004 ( Brea, 2004 ) . In the last three old ages, the university maintained the figure of pupils over 160,000 from the twelvemonth 2007 to 2009 harmonizing to the statistic office of this university. Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo Planning University Office Old ages 2007-1 2008-1 2009-1 Entire 166, 228 166, 603 166, 818 These Numberss represent the sum of the pupils in the first semesters of these old ages. As a consequence, the categories in the university have to be arranged over 50 pupils per subdivision harmonizing to the assignment plan of this university. The Languages Department is non the exclusion to this tendency of overcrowded categories ; so the simple English categories are allowed to be overcrowded which hampers the teaching-learning procedure of pupils. Harmonizing to Slavin ( 1989 ) showed that advantages of a decreased category size are more evident when the figure of pupils in the category was fewer than 20, ideally between 15 to 19. Therefore, this research will show that English Learners who are true novices at UASD ( Santo Domingo ) face troubles in larning English decently to use learning techniques to better the acquisition procedure. This research will be carried out with the Elementary English degrees of the modern linguistic communication calling at UASD, and the consequences will assist to understand the acquisition procedure that true novices face analyzing in overcrowded categories. Furthermore, this research will give possible solutions or penetrations to the Dominican Republic and other topographic points around the universe where the conditions are similar in order to better the teaching-learning procedure. Purpose of the survey The intent of this survey will be to find if there are differences in larning simple English for true novices in overcrowded categories, and if the application of 5 pedagogycal learning tecniques will better the learning acquisition procedure. Therefore, this survey will compare true novices in overcrowded traditional schoolrooms with true novices in overcroweded schoolrooms in which a set of predetermine learning techniques will be applied. These consequences will be compared with true novices in an ideal schoolrooms in which the same set of predetermine set of learning techniques will be applied to understad if the application of predetermine pedagogycal techniques will hold an impact in the teaching-learning procedure of true novices in overcrowded categories. Research inquiries 1. Is there a important difference in tonss between true novices in traditional overcrowded categories and true novices in overcrowded categories in which 5 pedagogical instruction techniques are applied? 2. How do true novices who are in traditional overcrowded categories score in comparing with pupils in ideal categories in which 5 pedagogical instruction teachniques are applied? 3. Is there a important difference in tonss between true novices in overcroweded categories in which 5 pedagogical instruction techniques are applied and true novices in ideal categories in which 5 pedagogical instruction techniques are applied? Null hypothesis There will be no important differences between the tonss of true novices in the intervention groups ( overcrowded and ideal categories ) and true novices of the control of the control groups ( traditional overcrowded categories ) after the intercession. Hypothesis There will be important differences between the tonss of true novices in the control groups ( traditional overcrowded categories ) and true novices in the intervention groups ( overcrowded and ideal categories ) after the intercession. Definitions of footings In this thesis will be used footings that need to be explained in order to avoid any uncertainties in the reading of this research. The followerss are: Learning. Though the old ages, many bookmans have given different definitions of the construct depending on their school of idea. In this research will be reviewed the most outstanding definitions in order to follow the definition of the construct that will be used throughout the research. The followerss definitions are: Harmonizing to Hoy and Miskel ( 2005 ) , the modern behavioural attack to larning merged from the scholarship of Skinner and his Followings. The behavioural attack defines larning as a changed in behavior brought approximately by experience with virtually no concern for the mental or internal procedures of think ( Hoy and Miskel, 2005, p41 ) . Therefore, in this school of idea can be perceived that larning alterations the behaviour of the pupils. Hoy and Miskel ( 2005 ) points out that the cognitive attack perceives larning as an active mental procedure of thought, acquisition, retrieving, making and job resolution. Therefore, this attack defines larning as an internal mental activity that can be observed straight through apprehension, retrieving and utilizing new information logically. The societal constructivist attack perceives larning as a procedure in which the pupils have to be actively involved to detect rules, constructs and facts for themselves, Hence, the importance of promoting guessing and intuitive thought in scholars ( Brown et al. 1989 ; Ackerman 1996 ) . Furthermore, other pedagogues in the constructivist field agree that people get intending thru the interactions among them and with the environment around them. For that ground, they believe that cognition is a merchandise built by human existences thru societal and cultural interaction ( Ernest 1991 ; Prawat and Floden 1994 ) In the constructive field, McMahon ( 1997 ) besides states that larning is a societal procedure. Besides, he says that larning non merely is developed in our heads, nor is it a inactive act of our behaviour formed by external forces. He extrongly believes that meaningful acquisition appears when human existences are involved in societal activities. Another point of position in the same dogma is stated by Vygotsky ( 1978 ) in which he besides highlighted the convergence of the societal and practical elements in acquisition by stating that the most important minute in the class of rational development occurs when address and practical activity, two antecedently wholly independent lines of development, converge. Therefore, through practical activity a kid constructs intending on an intrapersonal degree, while speech connects this significance with the interpersonal word shared by the kid and her/his civilization. The term acquisition can be viewed or defined depending on the point of position that is adopted for its reading. Other bookmans that have given a definition to this construct are: Woolfok ( 1999 ) , and Hoy and Miskel ( 2005 ) expresses that larning occurs when experience produces a comparatively lasting alteration in the person ‘s cognition or behaviour, alteration that can be deliberated or non, to acquire better or worse. Another definition is given by Brown ( 2000 ) who perceives this construct in a complex manner impossible to be summarized in a simple definition. Therefore, he shows each one of larning ‘s features, such as acquisition or acquiring, keeping of information or accomplishments, cognitive organisation, memory, witting focal point on and moving upon, comparatively lasting but capable to forgetting, reinforced pattern, and a alteration in behaviour. In this research, acquisition is understood to be a complex construct. However, the definition that will be taken along the probe is the one given by Hoy and Miskel ( 2005 ) in which they perceive that larning happens when experience produces a stable alteration in person ‘s cognition or behaviour. Overcrowded categories. This term is besides referred as big categories. For that ground, it will be defined utilizing the facts given in some articles: In an article online Paulsen ( 2006 ) shows the determination in which The Vancouver Secondary Teachers ‘ Association provinces that a schoolroom with more than 30 pupils is overcrowded. Therefore, it exceeds new provincial bounds. Another article in which the term overcrowded categories is used to show that a category with more than 25 is Overcrowded categories haltering Kerry childs ( 2008 ) in which a Killarney Town Council member, Sean O'Grady told: There is no maximal size for categories in Ireland but it should be reduced, as a affair of utmost urgency, to the European norm which is 25 per category and 15 per category where there is chronic disadvantage. In this research, it will be assumed that an ideal category is composed of less than 20 pupils as it was stated by Slavin ( 1989 ) . Therefore, it will be assumed that an overcrowded category is composed by more than 24 pupils in a schoolroom. False Beginners. There are many definitions of false novices which can give an thought of the construct. One of them is the definition given by Macmillan English Dictionary â€Å" false novices have some apprehension of the rudimentss of English, but they can non utilize it really good. They may give the feeling that they know small or nil of the linguistic communication † . Another bookman who gives a definition of this construct is Helgesen ( 1987 ) in which he states that false novices understand the footing of the linguistic communication and can be involved in activites which need some truth of the linguistic communication. However, they have limited accomplishments in the linguistic communication when they are involved in activites that need eloquence of the linguistic communication to be developed. Harmonizing to Richards, et Al. ( 1985 ) , false novices are pupils who have had some sort of direction in the linguistic communication, but they have developed limited linguistic communication proficiency. For that, ground, they have been classified at the get downing degree. False novice pupils can be compared with true novice pupils, as true novices do non hold any cognition of the linguistic communication to be studied. The term has besides been studied in Japan due to the large sum of pupils that they receive each term. Harmonizing to Peaty ( 1987 ) , false novices are those pupils that enter a university in Japan usually with a background of six old ages of school English based on the survey of grammar and interlingual rendition of sentences. However, the true novices have ne'er learned or have wholly forgotten. For that ground, this writer explains that false novice pupils in Japan knows a batch of English, so they can utilize this cognition to develop litsening and speech production accomplishments which were neglected at school. True novices The term true novice is defined in the MacMillan Dictionary as pupils who know perfectly nil about English and hold had small or no contact with the linguistic communication. Therefore, for this probe a true novice is the pupil that has non been exposed to the linguistic communication earlier. Chapter 2: Reappraisal of the Literature This research will analyse the effects of overcrowded categories in simple English degrees in the learning procedure of true novices. The subject of overcrowded categories is non new and it has appeared many articles around the universe which denounce the damaging effects in the teaching-learning procedure. However, a few surveies have been dedicated to analyse overcrowded categories. This reappraisal of the literature will be presented in two parts. The first portion will demo the surveies and articles based on overcrowded categories, and the 2nd portion will show techniques to learn overcrowded categories. Surveies on overcrowded categories Research has shown that the advantages of a decreased category size are more evident when the figure of pupils in the category was fewer than 20, ideally from 15 to 19. In a 1989 Slavin survey, categories of fewer than 20 pupils were compared to well larger categories, and pupils in both groups were comparable in demographics and educational ability. Therefore, Slavin ( 1989 ) found that decreased category size had a little positive consequence on pupils that did non prevail after their decreased category experience. Another research is the Tennessee ‘s Project STAR ( Student-Teacher Achievement Ratio ) spent four old ages looking at kindergarten, first- , second- , and third-grade schoolrooms, which began in 1985. STAR compared categories of 13 to 17 pupils with categories of 22 to 26 pupils. Participating instructors did non have any professional preparation on learning reduced-size categories, and were indiscriminately assigned to the categories. The survey included 79 schools, more than 300 schoolrooms and 7,000 pupils. The consequences of the experiment showed that pupils in the smaller categories outperformed those in the larger categories on both standardized and curriculum-based trials. This was true for white and minority pupils in smaller categories and for smaller category pupils from inner-city, urban, suburban, and rural schools. These consequences have besides been supported by Hanushek ( 1994 ) . In the United States, in 1999 Vice President Al Gore criticized the pattern of â€Å" crowding all pupils into overcrowded, factory manner high schools † and Education Secretary Richard Riley suggested cut downing school size to turn to issues of pupil disaffection. Riley told the National Press Club that the state needs to â€Å" make little, supportive acquisition environments that give pupils a sense of connexion. That ‘s difficult to make when we are constructing high schools the size of shopping promenades. Size affairs. † ( Gore and Riley cited in Mitchell, 2000, p.12 ) . Furthermore, Winerip ( 2003 ) in an article for the New York Times states that public schools opened in New York studies of widespread schoolroom overcrowding. Another article with denounces about this subject is written by Rezonable ( 2007 ) in which he mentions that the California State University is confronting jobs with overcrowded English categories for freshers every bit good as in Chicago where Chicago Public Schools have ordered all 595 of its schools to convey category sizes under control and the Chicago Teachers Union has vowed to look into herding ailments Dell ‘ Angela ( 2005 ) . The same state of affairs is stated in Ireland in an article of The Kingdom ( 2008 ) in Which Killarney Town Council member, Sean O'Grady, show that 20.5 per cent Kerry pupils learn in categories of 30 or more, in blunt contrast to European norm of merely 25 per category in countries of chronic dis-advantage. O'Grady has called for politicians in the county to take stock of where they stand in relation to category size and the status of the adjustment of the schoolroom. Furthermore, another article from Vancouver denounces troubles of larning in overcrowded categories. This article written by Paulsen ( 2006 ) shows that a survey finds 30,000 Vancouver pupils are in overcrowded categories. Negative effects of overcrowded categories There are many bookmans who have spoken about the negative effects of overcrowded categories on pupils ‘ academic public presentation, such as Snow ( 2000 ) in the McGill Tribune in which he expresses that harmonizing to his learning experience, in big, particularly overcrowded categories, pupils do non make every bit good as those in little categories. He besides states that pupils learn more in little categories and Markss tend to be better. However, in big categories, the lone thing a instructor can make is to talk. The instructor can non hold much treatment with pupils. Another article that mentions the negative consequence of overcrowded categories in California is The Crisis ( 2008 ) . This article states that pupils in overcrowded schools pay less attending, achieve less, and experience more force. Furthermore, Konare ( 1994 ) in the English Teaching Forum states that the first job concerns the existent engagement of all the pupils in the reading activities set by the instructor. What happens all excessively frequently in big ( overcrowded ) categories, when the replies to comprehension undertakings are given orally, is that the activity is dominated by a little minority of the best pupils. Most of the category does non even hold adequate clip to complete reading, allow entirely to explicate their replies, before the quick, bright, or pushful few are beckoning their weaponries about and coercing the gait of the lesson, forcing the instructor to name on them to reply. Furthermore, Konare ( 1994 ) states that the defeat of the weaker pupils causes them to choose out of more and more reading activities cognizing that they will non hold clip to finish them and most probably will non be asked to reply. Therefore, the spread between the few best pupils and the soundless bulk widens s teadily, even though the instructor is puting the right kind of undertakings to develop all the pupils in the reading procedure. The instructor may be cognizant that many pupils are non take parting, but the instructor may experience it is their mistake because of their degree. In add-on to the troubles mentioned above, Hughes ( 2006 ) in an article for the English Teaching Forum states that a well-known and relentless job with learning English as a Foreign Language ( EFL ) in overcrowded categories is the deficiency of resources, and that such conditions are an mundane world for many instructors around the universe. However, he found the challenges in Indonesia to be about overpowering. Finally, UNC Charlotte Faculty Center for Teaching ( 2000 ) lists the types of challenges to learn a big ( overcrowded ) category. These challenges are the followerss: 1. Paperwork which means that instructors have to look into assigments, grade tests, fix lesson programs, fix their categories, etc. 2. Deal with distractions in the schoolroom, such as pupils ‘ speaking, acquiring late, and go forthing early. 3. Learn pupils ‘ names in order to take attending, actuate them to take part in category, motivate pupils to make assigments on clip, 4. Lack of flexibleness in category activities at the minute of altering activities, making group work and actuating critical thought and composing accomplishments. 5. Divers pupils ‘ degrees and background. On the other manus, pupils in overcrowded categories besides experience of import challenges in their acquisition, particularly if they are new to the college experience. These include: 1. Trouble to understand wheather information is relevant. 2. Doubtful at the minute of inquiring inquiries and in some instances demoing deficiency of cognition. 3. Uncomfortable to be smart in forepart of schoolmates ( the swot expletive ) . 4. Trouble to pull off clip to analyze and miss of accomplishments necessary for success. 5. The usage of namelessness to dispute authorization and to force boundaries. Techniques to learn overcrowded categories Harmonizing to Duppenthaler ( 2000 ) overcrowded categories are non needfully something to fear. However, instructors face a figure of challenges, such as identifying pupils among several overcrowded categories at the same clip, supervising pupils ‘ single advancement, placing pupils ‘ single linguistic communication strengths and failings, being able to react to the pupils as persons, with involvements outside the schoolroom. Duppenthaler ( 2000 ) presents a manner to work out these challenges of big categories. Therefore, he has created exposure axial rotation cards which are a fluctuation on the standard axial rotation book, and they are really effectual in placing, monitoring, recording, and reacting to pupils. Therefore, they make larning and learning more effectual and more gratifying. UNC Charlotte Faculty Center for Teaching ( 2000 ) describes some options to utilize Technology in a assortment of ways in big or overcrowded categories. These options are the followerss: 1. To utilize power point or a similar plan to do presentations in category. This allows teacher to show lineations, and lists of cardinal constructs. 2. To utilize Excel or a similar plan to pull off category lists. 3. To fix a set up a category newsgroup or an electronic mail list ( through listserv ) , Students can inquire inquiries and acquire aid from other pupils. 4. To make a class web site that contains pattern jobs, replies to try test inquiries or prep, a glossary of footings, etc. 5. To make a searchable trial bank of inquiries ( utilizing FileMaker Pro, for illustration ) . This is particularly utile when you have to give multiple versions of the same inquiries. 6. To widen your office hours through electronic mail. 7. To give quizzes or trials. Chapter 3: Research Methodology Participants UASD is the public university of the Dominican Republic, and the figure of pupils from 2007 to 2009 is over 166,000 harmonizing to the statistics office of the university. This sum of pupils has made that most of the subdivisions in this university are overcrowded. Therefore, the linguistic communications section is non the exclusion to this tendency, so most of the subdivisions of Elementary English 1 have increased to 50 or more pupils per subdivision which hampers the learning learning procedure of these pupils. Another of import feature to this research is that the pupils in these English subdivisions are Dominicans, and many of them have small or no cognition of the English linguistic communication Instruments The information will be collected through a pre-test to find the degree of the pupils. This pre-test will demo whether the pupils are true or false novices whereas a post-test will be used to find the pupils ‘ degree at the terminal of the procedure which will demo whether there are troubles or non for the pupils who study under these conditions. These trials will be prepared by the research worker following the plan of the university for simple English 1. Procedures To find the effects of larning English in overcrowded categories, it will be prepared a quasi-experimental survey in which will be selected three groups composed of two subdivisions each. These groups will be called Group A, Group B, Group C. The first group or Group A will be composed of two subdivisions of overcrowded categories which will be taught in a traditional manner, and it will be given a pre-test to find the true and false novices. Finally, the post-test will bespeak how the true novices learn under this status. The 2nd group or Group B will be two subdivisions of overcrowded categories in which will be used the intervention or techniques to learn overcrowded categories. These two subdivisions will be given a pre-test to find the true and false novices, and a post-test to obtain the consequences of how the true novices learn under these techniques. The 3rd group or Group C will be two subdivisions of ideal categories composed from 15 to 20 pupils in which will be used the learning techniques chosen for Group B. These subdivisions will be given a pre-test to find which pupils are false and true novices. Finally, these subdivisions will have a post-test which will demo how the true novices learn under these learning techniques. Furthermore, all the groups will be observed and the research worker will non upset them while working, for their professors will give the pupils the pre-test and station trial, and the pupils will comprehend those tests as portion of the learning acquisition procedure. Another point for this research is that the techniques used in the experimental groups ( A and B ) will be chosen and explained by the research worker to the professors. Some of the techniques to be used are: A web log page in the cyberspace which allows the pupils to pattern the English linguistic communication. Radio and Cadmiums to work the lessons. Electronic mail to direct their prep to pattern short composing at the pupils ‘ degree. Movies for the pupils to place words and constructions at the pupils ‘ degree. Cooperative group work activities in category. Restrictions Some of the restraints that can be encountered are that the pupils at the minute of taking the pre-test are nervous and their mark will be different in footings of their cognition or that some of them miss the pre-test. Another issue can be that some of the pupils do non cognize how to utilize the cyberspace. Anticipated Results This research will demo the effects of larning simple English in overcrowded categories which will assist educational establishments and pedagogues in the Dominican Republic and around the universe in which the English linguistic communication is taught in similar conditions to form the simple English degrees to relieve the teaching-learning procedure of true novices. Timeline The construct paper will be presented every bit shortly as NOVA ‘s registration missive will be received that should be in August 2009. Thus, after the credence of the construct paper, the proposal will be submitted three month subsequently to the commission. For that ground, the proposal will be presented in January 2010. Once the proposal will be accepted which is hoped to be in September 2010. The applied thesis will be finished in May 2011. Evaluation program This research will be a quasi-experimental survey in which will be selected three groups composed of two subdivisions each. First, the professors will hold an debut workshop in which they will go acquainted with the intervention to be applied. In all the groups will be given a pre-test to find the pupils ‘ degree ( either true or false novices ) , and the professors of these groups will be in charge of giving the test to the pupils. After that, these informations will be analysed by the research worker. Then, the execution of the plan will be observed and notes will be taken during the execution face that will last 14 hebdomads. Furthermore, during the intercession, the professors will hold three workshops in which will be discussed subjects related to the techniques to be applied, possible alterations to the plan, and the professors ‘ perceptual experiences. Finally, the consequences will be collected with a station trial ; these informations will be analysed by the rese arch worker to finish successfully the applied thesis. Execution Matrix Time Terminal Aims Procedure Aims Activities Actor Evaluation First hebdomad 1st Workshop to the professors Learn and discourse the different techniques to be used The research worker Use a pre and station study to happen out the professors ‘ perceptual experience First hebdomadDetermine the pupils ‘ degree ( true novices or false novices )Give the stuff to the professorThe professora pre-test First hebdomadDetermine the pupils ‘ degree ( true novices or false novicesQuantify and sort the informationsThe research workerUse statistical methods- computing machine -programs-etc 1st -13th hebdomadExecution of the planUse of web log page in the cyberspace which allows the pupils to pattern the English linguistic communication. Radio and Cadmiums to work the lessons. Electronic mail to direct their prep to pattern short composing at the pupils ‘ degree. Movies for the pupils to place words and constructions at the pupils ‘ degree. Cooperative group work activities The professor 1st to 13th hebdomad Determine the effects of larning simple English in overcrowded categories Determine the true novices ‘ public presentation in simple English degrees in overcrowded categoriesExecution of the planTravel to the schoolroomsThe research workerTake notes 4th hebdomad2nd workshop to the ProfessorsDiscus about The professors ‘ experience and their thoughts about new techniquesThe research workerUse questionnaires to happen out the professors ‘ perceptual experiences 9th hebdomad3rd workshop to the ProfessorsDiscus about The professors ‘ experienceThe research workerTake notes about professors ‘ perceptual experiences 13th hebdomad4th workshop to the ProfessorsDiscus about The professors ‘ experience and hereafters programs utilizing the techniques implementedThe research workerTake notes about instructors ‘ perceptual experiences 14th hebdomadDetermine the consequencesGive the station trial to the pupilsThe professorPost trial 14th hebdomad Determine the effects of larning simple English in overcrowded categories Determine the true novices ‘ public presentation in simple English degrees in overcrowded categories Determine the consequences and the informations will be contrasted among the groups Quantify and sort the informationsThe research workerUse statistical methods- computing machine -programs- etc

Marketing Management paper Essay

Questions: 1. Explain how Marketing affects the outcome of the financial equation: Sales-Expense=Profit. What risk the company might be facing in this equation with regards to marketing? Expound on the importance of marketing in sustaining business growth. (5 points.) In the equation, Sales-Expense=Profit, activities done in Marketing can be said or considered as marketing expenses that includes advertising costs, promotions, PR events and Marketing Research costs (e.g. FGD, etc.). Through the income statement, we can get the Profit or Revenue and costs or expenses. These may include the costs of marketing the product or services with other costs that is deducted from the amount of sales or total sales. The idea is to increase the revenue while costs are incurred through marketing activities. However, in order to achieve this, marketing activities must be done effectively and the costs or expenses should be managed correctly in order to create good results. Marketing activities that are not managed properly may incur additional costs to the company and continue on to increase. This is especially applicable to companies with different product portfolios and margins, wherein they can incur losses once the profitability of a product decreases. Read more:  What is New Public Management? 2. Why do companies resort to market segmentation? Explain why or how segmentation can be an effective market entry/penetration strategy. Give an example not discussed in the class. (10 points) Better matching of customer needs Customer needs differ. Creating separate offers for each segment makes sense and provides customers with a better solution. Enhanced profits for business Customers have different disposable income. They are, therefore, different in how sensitive they are to price. By segmenting markets, businesses can raise average prices and subsequently enhance profits Better opportunities for growth Market segmentation can build sales. For example, customers can be encouraged to â€Å"trade-up† after being introduced to a particular product with an introductory, lower-priced product Retain more customers Customer circumstances change, for example they grow older, form families, change jobs or get promoted, change their buying patterns. By marketing products that appeal to customers at different stages of their life (â€Å"life-cycle†), a business can retain customers who might otherwise switch to competing products and brands Target marketing communications Businesses need to deliver their marketing message to a relevant customer audience. If the target market is too broad, there is a strong risk that (1) the key customers are missed and (2) the cost of communicating to customers becomes too high / unprofitable. By segmenting markets, the target customer can be reached more often and at lower cost Gain share of the market segment Unless a business has a strong or leading share of a market, it is unlikely to be maximizing its profitability. Minor brands suffer from lack of scale economies in production and marketing, pressures from distributors and limited space on the shelves. Through careful segmentation and targeting, businesses can often achieve competitive production and marketing costs and become the preferred choice of customers and distributors. In other words, segmentation offers the opportunity for smaller firms to compete with bigger ones. 3. What can be a good segment to target for a facial care product? Why? What can be a compelling consumer insight and your corresponding value proposition? Illustrate your brand DNA diagram and prepare a positioning statement and a tagline. Outline your IMC campaign. (15 points) Segment – Facial products made especially for men Customer insight – There are many facial products available in the market but focused only on female needs, including anti-ageing products. Facial care products for men are very limited as not all facial care companies delve into the market. However, due to the growing number of men getting more conscious of their appearance, they look for products that are made especially for us. This is also because Men’s skin differs from Ladies thus their skin needs differ. Value proposition – â€Å"Complete men’s facial care regime line: products range from facial soaps, scrubs, non-alcohol based cleansers, and facial lotions. Brand DNA: Category – Facial care for men Character – Clear and Clean for the real man Credibility – Should be tested and approved by Dermatologists and Dermatological Institutes Benefit – Complete men facial regimen: Cleans and Clears the face, while moisturizing he skin. Difference – Made especially for men and men’s skin. Positioning statement – The Product For men of different ages and skin types which provides clear and moisturized skin. Taglin – â€Å"Complete facial regimen for the new man†Ã‚  IMC campaign: TV Advertisements, Newspapers, Men’s Magazines, Bus posters. Storyboard – A construction worker, after a long day building a wall is then seen by his co-workers using a facial wash for women. Co-workers laugh when they see the man has a white face after washing. Co-worker gives the man the facial care product for men. 4. Assuming that you are hired as a marketing manager of a publication company. Your primary task is to develop a new magazine that has a strong  market potential. a. What type of magazine will it be? b. Who will be your target market? c. Estimate or extrapolate the market value potential. What should be the subject mix (topics) of your magazine to attract and sustain readers? d. How will you promote this new magazine? e. What can be a good name for your new magazine? f. Develop DNA diagram and the positioning statement including the tagline. g. What are your pricing and distribution strategies? (20 points) 5. Hair Salons are almost in every corner, be it commercial or residential area. David’s Salon is one of the successful salon chains in the country that is targeting the mid-end of the market. A new phenomenon however took shape in recent years in the form of F Salon Chain and Reyes Cutters that are charging very low fee for a haircut (45.00-50.00 pesos only). For a while the two salons have mushroomed until they suddenly lost esteem. Assuming, you have the capital to establish a hair salon chain, how will you build your brand? Discuss your 7-P strategies. Make sure you provide a brand name and a tagline for your hair salon chain. (20 points.) Brand name: â€Å"Hairline, Careline† Tagline: â€Å"hairline, gone in 60 minutes† People: Adults with receding hairlines. Only a handful of salons or barbershops really focus on people with hairloss or receding hairlines. Product: A line of hair salons especially for individuals losing hair – services would involve scalp treatments, scalp massages and mainly haircuts that hide hair-loss and receding hairlines. Price: Haircut – Php 150; Massage – 200; Scalp treatments – 200-300 (depending on the treatment: e.g. spa or menthol) Placement: SM Malls, Robinsons malls (non-high end malls) Process: Customers come in and is assisted by the front desk for introduction of services. Customer chooses the service. An expert to that service is provided to the customer. Promotion: Newspaper ads, TV commercials, Flyering activities and on-line advertisements and postings on websites like  SULIT.COM, and/or Coupon websites like CASHCASHPINOY. 6. Illustrate the Marketing process that was introduced to the class. Discuss each of the steps in this process including their respective decision points/criteria. (20 points) Discovering / Identifying the Value Segmenting: Identify all possible segments Profiling: Determine the most vulnerable and profitable segment Targeting: Choose your target market Consumer Insighting: Gain consumer insights through research, focus group discussions and/or surveys. Value Offering: Determine your value which is relevant and distinct. This becomes your unique selling proposition. Creating the Value Product Concept: Determine product type, line, depth. Product Development: Determine the features and attributes of your products and how to improve it so that your value proposition will be realized. Branding: Determine Category, Character, Credibility, Benefit and Difference and an appropriate brand name. Positioning: Formulate what you want your target market to perceive about your product and how you want them to understand and accept your value proposition. Create a tagline. Pricing: Determine if higher, parity or lower based on mark-up, targeting or value pricing. Making the Value Accessible Distribution: Determine how you want to go to market (i.e. channels of distribution) Placement Channel Marketing Communicating the Value IMC: Determine how you want to promote your product. EMC 7. Discuss Ansoff’s Growth Matrix. Give examples. (10 points) The Ansoff Matrix, designed by Igor Ansoff, classifies and explains different growth strategies for a company. This matrix is used by companies which have a growth target or a strategy of specialization. This tool, crossing products and markets of a company, facilitates decision making. The Ansoff matrix offers four strategies to achieve the objectives. Market Penetration Trying to make a greater share of an existing market with an existing product. This could involve product re-launch or increasing brand awareness. For example, Ipods can be used for file storage as well, this gained them market share in the storage devices market. Product Development Develop new products to target the company’s existing market segments. For example, Coca Cola introduced Coke Zero and Coke Cherry. Market Development Finding or creating new markets by targeting new parts of the market or by expansion into different markets. For example, San Miguel introduced San Mig Zero targeting the health conscious people that wanted lesser calories but still enjoy beer. Product Diversification Seeking to create or develop new products, lines or product ranges for new markets. For example, when Apple introduced the IPad tablet, which revolutionized how people work and manage taske with tap and swipe on the screen. Existing Products New Products Existing Markets Market Penetration Product Development New Markets Market Development Diversification 8. Discuss BCG Matrix/Grid (10 points) The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix is a simple tool to assess a company’s position in terms of its product range. Question Marks Question marks are products that grow rapidly and as a result consume large amounts of cash, but because they have low market shares they don’t generate much cash. The result is a large net cash consumption. A question mark has the potential to gain market share and become a star, and eventually a cash cow when the market growth slows. If it doesn’t become a market leader it will become a dog when market growth declines. Question marks need to be analyzed carefully to determine if they are worth the investment required to grow market share. Stars Stars generate large sums of cash because of their strong relative market share, but also consume large amounts of cash because of their high growth rate. So the cash being spent and brought in approximately nets out. If a star can maintain its large market share it will become a cash cow when the market growth rate declines. Dogs Dogs have a low market share and a low growth rate and neither generate nor consume a large amount of cash. However, dogs are cash traps because of the money tied up in a business that has little potential. Such businesses are candidates for divestiture. Cash Cows As leaders in a mature market, cash cows exhibit a return on assets that is greater than the market growth rate – so they generate more cash than they  consume. These units should be ‘milked’ extracting the profits and investing as little as possible. They provide the cash required to turn question marks into market leaders. 9. Discuss Product Life Cycle (10 points) The Product Life Cycle (PLC) is used to map the lifespan of a product. There are generally four stages in the life of a product. These four stages are the Introduction stage, the Growth stage, the Maturity stage and the Decline stage. The Four Stages of the Product Life Cycle 1. Introduction: The Introduction stage is probably the most important stage in the PLC. In fact, most products that fail do so in the Introduction stage. This is the stage in which the product is initially promoted. Public awareness is very important to the of a product. If people don’t know about the product they won’t go out and buy it. There are two different strategies you can use to introduce your product to consumers. You can use either a penetration strategy or a skimming strategy. If a penetration strategy is used then prices are set very high initially and then gradually lowered over time. This is a good stategy to use if there are few competitors for your product. Profits are high with this strategy but there is also a great deal of risk. If people don’t want to pay high prices you may lose out. The second pricing strategy is a skimming strategy. In this case you set your prices very low at the beginning and then gradually increase them. This is a good strategy to use if there are alot of competitors who control a large portion of the market. Profits are not a concern under this strategy. The most important thing is to get you product known and worry about making money at a later time. 2. Growth: If you are lucky enough to get your product out of the Introduction stage you then enter this stage. The Growth stage is where your product starts to grow. In this stage a very large amount of money is spent on advertising. You want to of telling the consumer how much better your product is than your competitors’ products. There are several ways to advertise your product. You can use TV and radio commercials, magazine and newspaper ads, or you could get lucky and customers who have bought your product will give good word-of-mouth to their friends/family. If you are successful with your advertising strategy then you will see an increase in sales. Once your sales begin to increase you share of the market will stabilize. Once you get to this point you will probably not be able to take anymore of the market from your competitors. 3. Maturity: The third stage in the Product Life Cycle is the maturity stage. If your product completes the Introduction and Growth then it will then spend a great deal of time in the Maturity stage. During this stage sales grow at a very fast rate and then gradually begin to stabilize. The key to surviving this stage is differentiating your product from the similar products offered by your competitors. Due to the fact that sales are beginning to stabilize you must make your product stand out among the rest. 4. Decline: This is the stage in which sales of your product begin to fall. Either everyone that wants to has bought your product or new, more innovative products have been created that replace yours. Many companies decide to withdrawal their products from the market due to the downturn. The only way to increase sales during this period is to cut your costs reduce your spending. 10. How can Marketing help in nation building? What marketing concept(s) can be more useful for nation building? (5-point bonus) Nation building can be done through promotion of the wonders of the Philippines using advertisements that can be shown using international programs such as CNN and BBC. Commercials that would emphasize the talents of the people, as well as promote investments of foreign companies or investors. References: http://www.tutor2u.net/business/marketing/segmentation_why.asp http://www.nku.edu/~issues/internet_marketing/newwebpage1.html http://www2.accaglobal.com/documents/boston_consulting.pdf http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Ansoff-matrix.html

Twentieth Century America and Modern Art Research Paper

Twentieth Century America and Modern Art - Research Paper Example The researcher of the essay "Twentieth Century America and Modern Art" aims to investigate twentieth-century African-American modern art. The African American art mainly includes basket weaving, a huge range of arts done on plastic, wood carving, pottery and also painting. The African Americans were taking part in art for some time but they actually got accepted and their art got famous during the middle of the 20th century. In 1950s and 1960s some African American artists hit the cord and become known around the country and were accepted open heartedly. During the same time period a self-claimed group of artists called the Highwaymen which was consisted of around 26 African Americans belonging from Fr. Pierce made paintings of the landscape of Florida and because back then there wasn’t a really common concept of art galleries and that too who would welcome the self-claimed artist group belonging to the community, this group of artist took the other path. They peddled around 2 00,000 and put them in their trucks and went all around selling them directly to the public. Today in the history of American folk and in the History of African American culture they are regarded as and known as one of the most important figures and notable groups who did a lot of amazing work in the field of arts. Their paintings are considered so important in today`s world that the price of their paintings in today`s world is around a thousands of dollars. There was some artist who made their mark in the New York galleries.

American Culture Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Culture Analysis - Essay Example Interestingly, the American society has remained quite receptive towards all sorts of cultures. It was found in the 1990 census that racial minority groups in US were growing seven times faster than the majority (Qasawa). The freedom of expression is one quality of American culture that appeals to me the most, though their straightforwardness sometimes sounds too bitter (Kwintessential). Americans celebrate life. They hang out with friends, party and enjoy. Being a first world country, American people are much privileged than most of the other nations of the world. Partying is an important feature of the American culture. Partying is ingrained in the American ideology. People look forward to opportunities to get together. American’s don’t need special occasions to party. They may party when someone wins a match or when someone buys a new pet. There can be any reason to party. Most importantly, the parties do not have to be expensive enough to be enjoyed. Friends may get together upon a large pizza, and it can be just as enjoyable as a grand ceremony.

Economic Injustices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic Injustices - Essay Example t involves exploitation of children as labor, also they are forced to work for longer hours, paid low wage rates, poor working conditions that endanger their health and they are denied their rights to education. (Liz Stuart (2005)) There are two factors that lead to child labor and they include the demand factor and supply factor, the demand factor refers to the demand by employers to employ children, firms will employ children given that the children are paid less wages, they are more obedient given that they are not members of any labor union and that these children can be coerced to work more hours. The supply factor refers to the supply of labor, children may want to work in order to support their families or even earn a living. An Article by Liz Stuart (2005) provides a good example of child labor, the article states that in 1996 it was discovered that some products that were being sold in Mark & Spencer shops were produced using child labor, it was discovered that the shops were importing cloths from a factory in morocco that employed children aged 12 years, when this was made public the girls were dismissed from the factory. (Liz Stuart (2005)) On going efforts to eliminate child labor include product boycotts, consumers refuse to buy products produced using child labor, in the above example of Mark Spencer the company was afraid of the consequences of a boycott and this is why they stopped employing children. Another effort to stop child labor is the implementation of laws by various organizations, example the UN declaration on children rights regarding child labor. (Katharine Johnson (2004)) Sweatshops refers a factory that employs labor for long hours and at the same time offering low wages, it is an economic injustice given that this is a form of exploitation whereby laborers are forced to work for more hours against their will and also are paid low wage rates. The firms earn large profits as a result of this form of exploitation, due to high

Visual Teaching Strategies On Children With Autism Research Paper

Visual Teaching Strategies On Children With Autism - Research Paper Example This essay approves that the reading and writing program has been on the leading edge in providing better services to these children that had suffered from autism through providing better mans that enabled them to quickly learn the traits of better verbal and written communication. Children who had previously attended the ABA programs were visually strong as they could easily assemble word puzzles together that were at a very complex level than their own age. They had mastered only the physical details and readings that if something was changed just a bit they would quickly forget about it. They had highly developed in their visual remembrance but the only set back they experienced was the inability to detect and notice any changes that were made, for example in the road signs. By noticing these difficulties in those children that were affected by autism, Nina Lovaas adopted the system where she could use the writing and reading to try and put more emphasis to the learning provided t o the child hence it would stick more in their minds. This report makes a conclusion that the Nina Lovaas reading and writing program is different when compared with the other programs for a variety of reasons. It is hoped that the reading and writing program will make learning more applicable than PECS in the sense that in PECS one is always to carry the big book with all the symbols, while in the reading and writing program, all that is needed is a portable computer for effective and efficient communication. Therefore, the Nina Lovaas reading and Writing Program is a way of enhancing and amplifying all academic qualifications of children.

Internaional Business Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internaional Business - Article Example Normally, it is the last stage of the distribution process. Understanding the customer perceptions will help retailers to know about the nuances of marketing. Every retailer has to primarily identify his target market and the needs and expectations of that market and subsequently try to meet those expectations with efficient service. This is what exactly Costco is doing. Promotional strategies that are adopted by a retailer include different forms of communication to attract customer to the retail outlet. For example, in the case of Costco, the 'buy-in' strategy that the company adopted is a promotional strategy. The company bought as much inventory as possible after Procter and Gamble announced a price hike of 6%. This would help the company to hold stock for the future when other players would buy the same stock at a higher price. The face of the retailing industry has undergone significant global changes over the past two decades. Retailing has always focused on offering the best quality products to customers. Every retailer wants to offer the customers the right products at the right time at the right place and at the right price. Pricing the products and services might be a routine hob for most producers and retailers, but it involves a thorough and a deep understanding of the principles and practices governing the business environment. Adopting the right pricing strategy helps a company achieve its objective. To sustain and achieve its objectives in the competitive market, a company should adopt the most effective pricing mechanism. Thus, pricing is very important to a marketer. Before adopting a pricing strategy, certain factors like the demand for the product or service in the market, customers' perception, the sustainable margin, the image of the company in the market etc. Pricing is a very important aspect of the firms' existence and hence, firms must develop proper pricing strategies and convert them into effective competitive advantages. Pricing is the biggest challenge that marketers face, and quite often, they may feel that they have not set the right price. This may be due to several reasons. One of the most important is that prices are dependent on market factors. The sales of a product have an impact on the pricing mechanism. However, the sales of a product can increase because it has been priced too low and not because it has been priced right. Setting the right price can have a substantial impact on the profits of the firm. Costco is using the market penetration pricing strategy to attract customers. It is only a few products that can be called truly innovative products. Such products come into the market infrequently. Most of the times products introduced are copies of existing products with slight modifications. /firms try new approaches to attract customers who have many similar products to choose from. They employ sales promotions, membership cards, sponsorships, etc. to attract customers. Costco admits that more than half of its revenue is form membership fees. Firms resort to price cuts, and offer products below their competitors' prices to take away a large number of customers form their competitors. This is the strategy that Costco has adopted. The expectation in offering products at low prices is that one customers use the product, they will develop an interest in the product

Brief history of the industrial revolution in America Essay

Brief history of the industrial revolution in America - Essay Example One of the events that shaped America history is the 15th amendment that prohibited discrimination or denying the right to vote by American on the excuse of race or colour (Berkin, Miller, Cherny, and Gormly, 78). This event happened after the whites had passed a legislation that disallowed people of black origin not to vote in elections. Black human rights activists, who put pressure on the government to amend the legislation opposed this move. As a follow up to the 15th amendment, a 19th one was made on the constitution that allowed women to vote in national and local elections. These amendments were made under the congressional reconstruction, which saw the southern states divided into military districts. Under this period, Andrew Johnson was impeached for violating the tenure of office act by removing Staton but the main reason was his defiance for reconstruction of the congress; 18th amendment was also enacted in 1930’s , and it banned production and sale of alcohol in Un ited States of America. Although this amendment received huge support from the masses, there were not enough police officers to enact it, and therefore the leaker takers found a way to brew their own beer. With time, the authorities found out that prohibition of production and sale of alcohol contributed a lot to law breaking, this led to the abolishment of the regulation. During the period from 1877 to 1913, United States grew in terms of industrialization to become the leading industrial nation with well-organised railroads, labour and industries; the income of non-farm workers grew by about 75 per cent by 1900 and grew further by 33 per cent by 1918. The first industrial revolution that occurred in America saw production move from artisan to factories, while the second revolution saw the expansion of the factories to in terms of size, coordination and organisation to industry level, which was facilitated by advancements in technology and improvements in transport

Federal Reserve Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Federal Reserve Policy - Essay Example The weakness in the real estate markets has spread to become a system wide problem as sub-prime loans turn into toxic assets leaving financial institutions under-collateralized. The US Federal Reserve Board has been criticized for enacting policies that exacerbated the problem, or at least for failing to curtail the spread of the problem by its lack of action. The purpose of this paper is to examine the policies of the Federal Reserve Board during the period of 2006-2009 in light of the current financial crisis. The paper will find that the Federal Reserve Board policies during this period were prudent and appropriate, but failed to exert the political will necessary to address the problems that have arisen in the financial system that were due to factors that are beyond the Board's authority. By many accounts, the current financial crisis began in the housing industry and was fuelled by the twin problems on over-evaluation and high-risk mortgage loans. As the problem grew, financial institutions continued to make high interest, high-risk loans on property that had reached values that were unrealistically high. When the real estate bubble burst, many of these institutions and borrowers were left with assets worth far less than the amount due on the loan. According Bernanke (2008), "housing and housing finance played a central role in precipitating the current crisis. As the crisis has persisted, however, the relationships between housing and other parts of the economy have become more complex.Declining house prices, delinquencies and foreclosures, and strains in mortgage markets are now symptoms as well as causes of our general financial and economic difficulties". Yet, could the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) have taken steps beginning several years ago to address theses ca uses of system wide failure Bernanke (2008) is very clear that the problem was "declining house prices, delinquencies and foreclosures, and strains in mortgage markets". In fact, the FRB was aware of these problems, but failed to enact policies to address these complex issues. Bernanke lists the first cause of the current crisis as the falling prices of housing as the real estate bubble burst. In a free market, asset prices will work to reach equilibrium. A bubble in any industry will eventually deflate in an effort to reach its true valuation. This was seen in the collapse of technology stocks in 1999-2000, and now has hit the real estate market. However, the FRB may have not been able to deal with this problem effectively. In retrospect, Stern (2008) states, "it is challenging at best to identify when asset prices have reached excessive levels, to build support for action once identification has occurred and to implement corrective policy successfully". There is a general philosophy in the FRB that the best strategy for asset inflation is a policy of containment and clean-up, rather than prevention (Stern 2008). In fact, the FRB's policy was "monetary policy easing and last-resort lending", which only deepened and prolonged the crisis (Blanchard 2009, p. 2). Asset revaluation is a political challenge, but is within the FRB's capacity. None of these actions took place, and the FRB continued dropping interest rates. While the falling interest rates were enacted to stimulate a lagging economy, other factors continued to prop up housing prices at unrealistic levels. When mortgage money is cheap, it creates more customers interested in borrowing and the demand for housing remains high. During the

Khalifa Tower Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Khalifa Tower - Essay Example Its construction kicked off in 2004 and took around 7 years to complete. It is without a doubt earth’s tallest freestanding structure, overtaking the Great Pyramid of Giza. The basic ideology of building the Khalifa Tower is to make it the basic centerpiece structure of the world. Its grandeur is such that people want to throng it for all the right reasons. Its majesty attracts people from around the world and they want to have a snap with it to show off to their friends and family members (Author Unknown, 2011). The Khalifa Tower is a phenomenon in its own right. The government of the United Arab Emirates wanted to make the Khalifa Tower one of the best known names in the world and hence the reason that Khalifa Tower came into being. The vision is to diversify from an oil based economy to more of a service and tourism based one. International recognition and that too in a positive vein is one of the most basic ideologies why Khalifa Tower is in place at the present. The polit ical impact for Dubai was such that before Khalifa Tower came into being, the city still enjoyed recognition for all the positive elements that comprised within it. The rulers played their role at telling the world how well Dubai can serve them, and thus trade and investment came in huge numbers. The responsibility lied on the shoulders of the ruler of United Arab Emirates who wanted to make Dubai one of the finest and most elegant destinations within the Middle East. The economic impact before the launching of Khalifa Tower was that the country was receiving economic upheaval; however, with the advent of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, Dubai was hit badly. With help and facilitation from the relevant quarters, and most specifically from the Government of the land, Dubai was able to sustain itself. This made the task even easier for Khalifa Tower to follow within the midst of Dubai (Author Unknown, 2010). The social impact before the foundation stone of Khalifa Tower was put into place, in 2004, was such that the people enjoyed places like Burj Dubai, Dubai Mall, Ibn-e-Batuta and others. Hence, the Khalifa Tower was a totally new marvel for them since they could see it with their own eyes as the tallest free standing structure in the world. People were still proud of the city that resided within and with the institution of the Khalifa Tower, their pride became even higher. The technological impact before was such that Dubai was considered as one of the most wired cities around the globe. Also its technological prowess was something to write home about (Knight, 2010). This increased with the Khalifa Tower coming into full effect, and it became a serious reality after investors opened their arms in unison with the launch of the project, was back in 2004. The importance of Khalifa Tower to Dubai is that it has become a symbol of excellence. This is because it is a huge engineering and architectural marvel. The building closely resembles the bundled tube form of the Willis Tower (Albert, 2011). However, it is not a bundle tube structure in entirety. In the early planning phases of the Khalifa Tower, it was supposed to be entirely residential but with the passage of time, its commercial role was also projected more and more. Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting as the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Limited was chosen as the ones who

Bookmaster Essay Example for Free

Bookmaster Essay Background The case bookmaster explains how Drew went to bookmaster to buy a book he wanted to enjoy reading. When Drew arrived at the bookstore and explained to the CRA what book he wanted. The CRA informed Drew that the book was instock and that there were actually two copies of the book on the shelf. However, when Drew and the CRA went to the shelf to get the book there were no copies available. Drew would have to drive to another store that was 15 miles away to get the book. The CRA then suggested to Drew to buy the ebook which was almost $20 cheaper. Drew would have to download the ebook on his computer since the Kindle and iPad’s were too costly for him at the time. Kindle an Ipad both have many restrictions on their work and try to prevent piracy to maximize profits. Case Questions 1. Each player in the above value chain makes money by creating value for the stakeholders. 2. 3. The ebook has many advantages and disadvantages. the first advantage is the development, marketing, and decreasing costs for eReaders. The second advantage is its easy accessible and can be read on any device if it’s an apple because they are linked together. The third advantage is that marketing the product is easier on line than in a book store. The first disadvantage is that the sale price is lower so the profit margin is relatively the same. The second disadvantage is that piracy is more common and the content is easier to duplicate. The third disadvantage is that competition is very high in the digital industry. The hard copy book also has many advantages. The first is that hardcopy books are easier to stay focused on because the web-surfing variable is eliminated. The second advantage is that you can jot down your thoughts while reading. The third advantage is hardcopy books are not subject to the failure of technology. Some disadvantages to hard copy books are as follows; The cost to make the books are high. Books are harder to carry around if you have more than a few with you. The third disadvantage is the costs of books are high. 4. The role of operations in the hardcopy value chain is to print books. The role of operations in ebooks is to produce digital content and to store the content. 5. The other issues that are important on critiquing both of these is the future. Where are books headed in the future? It is important to try and forecast whether ebooks or hardcopy books will be a thing of the past.

Bowling For Columbine Essay

Bowling For Columbine Essay Throughout Bowling For Columbine an anti-political, critical and persuasive perspective is dominant. Bowling For Columbine is a documentary directed, written, produced and narrated by the controversial Michael Moore. The 2002 film aims to open the eyes of Americans and people worldwide to gun control. The movie is based on the shooting massacre that occurred at Columbine High School, where two students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold entered their Alma Mater and killed 15 people, also injuring an additional 21 students. The film investigates gun control in the USA and the lack of law and regulation on gun ownership. People have various controversial views on the movie Bowling For Columbine , especially relating to how much of Moore s film is supported by facts. This article will provide an unambiguous view on gun violence in the USA, whilst also seeking to reveal the truth behind the movie and about the persuasive power of documentary. The film positions the audience through the use of convincing techniques to accept the truth set forth in the film, although these issues are very real in the United States. Bowling For Columbine explores various exaggerated representations of the American populous, whilst also bestowing on the audience that there are problems with guns and their second amendment. The filmmaker is superficial with his questions that are pointed, the use of witty, dry and mocking remarks are used in his favour to lighten the fact that it s a movie about people shooting others. From the word go, Moore sets off on his routine prejudice pathway. This included Moore opening a new account at North Country Bank that offers him a gun, whilst asking sarcastic questions like Do you think it s a little dangerous handing out guns at a bank? and not letting the workers give a response. Moore uses such techniques to mock the staff, which helps him achieve his purpose, inadequately proving the truth over the evidence. In addition to Moore s scornful interrogations, he uses music to portray a certain light in the film. A truly touching and upsetting section of the documentary is the montage with What a Wonderful World played over the top flashes are shown of America s decisions in the past relating to war and foreign involvement. The use of Louis Armstrong s song is ridiculing the American government, which makes a suggestion how it isn t a wonderful world , in fact the opposite. The flashing by of the clips of people dying, being shot and interracial foreigners carrying American built guns aesthetically gives the feeling of a mismanaged government. Moore does this to turn his audience from the political leaders to his personal views through making the audience distraught. Furthermore throughout the film it continues on making the audience feel further troubled. This is experienced in the scene when the 911 calls overlay the slow motion video footage walking through the corridors of Columbine High School. Which is intended to position the audience as a first hand student and gives a distressed feeling due to the audience feeling remorse for these dying students. Then it cuts to video footage from the cafeteria on April 20, 1999, watching shots fired, students hiding scared under the lunch tables, bombs exploding, fires starting and students running to get out. This major scene, influences the audience to feel upset and the tone gives a scared feeling, which reinforces the issue of gun control. Following the scene vividly re-living the Columbine High shootings, Moore switches to the then NRA president, Charlton Heston, as he screams his famous five word line From my cold dead hands (Heston, 2002) and waves a gun above his head to a roaring crowd. A voiceover is played which explains how just ten days after the massacre, the NRA held a pro-gun rally in Denver despite the pleas of the community in mourning. Moore pushes this negative representation of the NRA when in fact Heston didn t scream his five words on this occasion; it actually was one year later in Charlotte (refer to picture underneath the column). Also the NRA meeting after the flint shootings occurred 8 months later. Moore uses his power to portray Heston as a villain, through using illusion of reality to converting the audience s perspective. Throughout the first hour, Moore uses an aggressive stance and reasons why America has a high rate of gun related violence, but to meet his intention he contests with a counterexample and provides a description. To start off he states the overwhelming number of guns must be the reason, and then subsequently he states that Canada has about the same ratio of guns, but only a third of the homicides. Moore also discusses Europe in comparison to America s violent history. During the closing scene of Columbine Moore is filmed going to Hollywood to interview and ridicule the NRA president Charlton Heston. At first when asking for the interview Moore appears as a keen and eager fan, then criticizes Heston. During the interview Heston repeatedly pauses and doesn t respond to the question asked, Moore uses these as an advantage to silence his opinion and asks relentless and rude remarks. Moore is a coward for taking advantage of Heston who was in the early stages of Alzheimer s Disease (A brain disease leading to a decrease in mental power). In the end, Heston quickly leaves after getting up and announcing that the interview is over. Moore uses this illusion of reality, portraying the negative NRA stance into the final scene making the audience reflect. After the final scene, Moore uses additional voiceovers providing additional bias. The documentary targets Americans and teenagers throughout the world, especially those who don t have a clear knowledge of why there is so much gun violence. Throughout the film there are bursts of music and loud grasping sounds that are used to grab the audiences attention. Moore uses a series of cleverly edited together loud and shocking clips, which are a combination of visual and auditory footage. This is designed to keep the attention and confuse the audience. Shocking and explosive newsflashes, strange circumstances, frustrated interviewees, sardonic twists, and animations all joined together into an hour and fifty-seven minutes, the movie is best described as a documentary for the new generation. Furthermore Moore uses analytical features and prejudicial techniques, which position the audience to accept his point of view over the NRA or Charlton Heston. Moore has been ridiculed for editing to su it his aim, which isn t following the documentary genre. Moore correspondingly marginalises to suit his aim. In the film, it is focused on an anti-gun stance, but there isn t time for pro gun enthusiasts to voice their opinion. Moore repetitively edits out responses to his questions so that it doesn t affect the state of mind he wants his viewers to feel, also mocking people through his voiceovers. Although his techniques are arguable, the issues of which he discusses are of significance. Gun loving is as American as having a pie on thanksgiving, although he shows more opinions antigun related, he doesn t make opinions up for his viewers, he used rhetorical questions which let the audience think about what they are watching. Columbine is a well-organised documentary, which helps raise issues in a political controlled society, and in the end it lets viewers think, which a lot of modern day movies lack. Do you believe that Moore depicts the American culture correctly? A group of people living and breathing in fear? Do you suppose that he is telling the truth? On first viewing the movie I believed Moore, did you?

Theories of Personality Development: An Evaluation

Theories of Personality Development: An Evaluation Introduction On Personality Development The development of personality across individual life can be observed from three different views, such as behaving, striving and present from a person (McAdams and Olson, 2010). In additional, Mc Adams and Olson, 2010, explained the evidence in infancy, a wide differences in social action patterns have predicted in the long term developmental which, clearly explained the transition from early temperament into adult dispositional traits. Personality Development is an important factor, as it concerned with the systematic transformation of individuals and personalities as they move through their lives (Graziano, 2003). hence, psychologist have been interested in studying the way of human developmental process basis of an early stage in the life course, which will influence both long term stability and change. Freudian Theory On Personality Development In the founder of personality development theory, is the Freudian psychoanalytic theory (PAT). (Freud, 1940/1969), linked personality with id, ego and superego, he mention that id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs, it is also known as our pleasure principle, id instinct demanding immediate gratification rather for a later reward, which the term is also known as delay gratification, while ego acts as a balance between id and superego, which is known as the reality principle, ego helps to people to understand their needs and desires, that could also harm them in a long run, and finally superego, the component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and from society, it provides guidelines for making judgments. Freud psychoanalytic theory was widely debate and enhance further by other theorist. (Magnavita, 2003), address that issue into two categories, the normal type of peop le and people who are dysfunctional. In Magnavita theory, he presented an integrative relational model that blends psychodynamic, cognitive, and systems theory to analyse and understand the behaviours , feelings and emotions, as well as techniques and modalities, especially for personality dysfunction before any proceeding any further treatment. The reason being is that Freud research, changes people concept of thinking about children’s experiences in early childhood†(Brooks, 2010). Freud believed that the symptoms of anxiety occurs in many adults were establish during their childhood experiences (Brooks, 2010). In other words, a child’s development would directly influence how one behaves as an adult. The way that the adult behaviour, as well as the way they doing things, may directly link to something that happen in their childhood, especially when the feeling of fear and anxiety (Brooks, 2010). Psychoanalytic theory has also given psychologists a number of helpful concepts, such as the unconscious, the ego, and identity, which have become a part of every language as well as theory (Cramer, 2000). Apart from knowing how personality is developed through individual needs as a child, and how it will affect them in a prolong period of time. In the next part of the essay, other theorist is going share about their own point of view on personality development, such as Erik Erikson psychosocial, and Alfred Adler, birth order development, as well as, how it can contribute towards personality development. Erikson And His Theory Of Personality Development In the late 1920s, Erik Erikson, helped to develop a program to teach art to children of Freuds entourage. Erikson wife Joan Serson, who study psychoanalysis, convince him to join her in the same path (Cloninger, 2003). Erikson started off as a lay analyst because of his non medical training, not long after, he became part of Freuds inner circle. Due to the fear, increased in anti-Semitism, Erikson and his wife decided to leave Germany for United States to expand his career (Cloninger, 2003). In Eriksons model of the stages of human development extends beyond childhood and adolescence to include middle and old age despite the adult years, from roughly 20 through 60, were described by only two ego stages ( Erikson, 1963). Erikson believed the individual progresses through eight psychosocial stages to establish new orientations to self and the social world over time ( Hiller and Barrow, 2010). (Dunkel and Sefcek, 2009), in the table of Erikson eight stages of psychosocial, it shows the period in life, such as infancy ( Trust vs Mistrust), Toddlerhood (Autonomy vs Shame), Preschool ( Initiative vs Guilt), Childhood ( Industry vs Inferiority), Adolescence ( Identity vs Role confusion), Young adulthood ( Intimacy vs Isolation), Can I Love?, Middle adulthood ( Generatively vs Stagnation), and Late adulthood ( Integrity vs Despair). The sequence of stages in Eriksons theory is based on the epigenetic principle, which means that each psychosocial strength has its own period of particular importance, and may produce either a positive or a negative resolution of the challenge, and the ego resources that individuals gain or do not gain on completion of one stage are brought with them to the next stage of development ( Kail and Cavanaugh, 2012). Compare Freuds Theory with Eriksons Theory Sigmund Freuds psychosexual theory and Erik Eriksons psychosocial theory are two well known theories of development. Erikson was influenced by Freuds ideas, but his theory are differed in a number of important ways. Like Freud, Erikson believed that personality development in a series of predetermined stages (Smith, 2000/2007/2010). Unlike Freuds theory of psychosexual stages, who proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in any of the five stages of psychosexual developmental stage, he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder while Eriksons explained further from what Freud have left with the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan which is also known as psychosocial personality development, (Smith, 2000/2007/2010),. The first 5 stages of Erikson is similar to Freud psychosexual development ( Dunkel and Sefcek, 2009). Eriksons last three stages deal with early, middle and later adulthood. According to Dunkel and Sefeck, 2009 studies, they undermine the importance on the last three stages of Erikson Personality development, in the early adulthood the main issue of growth and development of identity is intimacy, which involves relationships in friendship, sex, competition and cooperation that are emphasized, and in middle adulthood, is the ability to support others and in doing so to create a legacy is the primary developmental task, during this stage generatively involves a concern for the welfare of society rather than contemned with self absorption ( the ability to create, care for, and to share are the positive outcomes of balance in middle adulthood ), the later adulthood, which is the integrity versus despair ( the sense of fulfilment throughout their life or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent). Alfred Alder Personality Development Alfred Alder, an Austrian psychiatry, who joined Freuds discussing groups in 1907. He wrote papers on organic inferiority, ( when, individuals tries to compensate for their own defect or weakness, if the effort of compensate fails, it could lead to an inferiority complexity ) and childrens feelings of inferiority, which he claim that the child development of inferiority is due to the basic helplessness of the human infant ( Adler, 1917). Alder examine personality development around the same time as Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud, as they work hand in hand with some theories until the day when Alder reject Freuds keep on linking personality solely on sex factors, and maintained that personality difficulties are rooted in a feeling of inferiority deriving from restrictions on the individuals need for self assertion ( Fisher, 2001). (Adler, 1927) emphasised the other factor that contribute factor to personality development would be the birth order, calming that it contributed significantly to the development of an individuals style of life. where each children is treated uniquely within the family, depending on their order of birth, such the ( first child, the elder child, the second child, the middle and youngest child, etc). Adler expanding many of his studies toward application in educational models ( Palencik, 2011). His theories on birth order was later further study other theorists. From the perspective of the media, it explained that if the child is first born, he or she is orderly and likely to become a leader ( Lampi and Nordblom, 2008 ). In addition Lampi and Nordblom, 2008 say that individual who think that the only child, who childhood was always never going to surpassed by any of their brothers or sisters, would be more eager to achieve successful than others as they grow up, while the last born, who go through his or her entire upbringing and could not achieve as much as his or her older siblings, would not have the same equal concerned with the relative position. (Sulloway, 1996) claims that the first borns are more conscientious than later borns at the same time as, later borns are more agreeable and extraverted, while Freese, Powell and Carr Steelman (1999), find that small differences in social attitudes between first borns and later borns. However Saroglou and Fiasse (2003) argue that it is important to recognize between middle- borns and the youngest and not simply treating both groups as later borns. Moreover, Beck, Burnet and Vosper (2006) find it a within family study that first borns score higher on dominance and later borns are more towards sociability. Comparing Alfred Alder Personality Development Theories With Freud ( Fisher et al 2012) The similarity of Alder and Freud is, Alder believed that humans are motivated by a unconscious forces and that these forces create conflict; this conflict provides the motivation for personality formation and change. In contrast to Freud, Adler did not believe that people are primarily driven by sexual and aggressive instincts. In addition, Fisher and the other theorist says that Adlers theory of individual psychology focus on the role of each individual person in their attempts to seek success in relation to their individual experiences in the world. In retrospection, the specific personality qualities of an individual, which lead to individual differences between people, are not fully based on evolution, however, there are many products on the developmental factors. The developmental study of individual differences in personality provides a variety source of data for the researcher and practitioner alike to use in understanding and predicting behavior. Without the study of individual differences, there would be no clear explanation on an analysis or explanation of why people often behave or develop very differently under seemingly equivalent environmental conditions. This essay had show that, different theorist have their own way of explaining on how personality is being developed, such as Freuds psychoanalytic theory, the stage of development, Erikson psychosocial and the 8 stages of personality development and so on. Till recent years, personality development is widely interested by many theorist, which still lead to an endless debate. (1790 words ) Reference Adler, A. (1917). The neurotic constitution: Outline of a comparative individualistic psychology and psychotherapy. New York: Moffat. Alder, A. (1927). Understanding human nature. New York: Greenberg. Beck, E., Burney, K. L., Vosper, J. (2006). Personality and individual differences. Birth-Order Effects On Facets Of Extraversion, 40, 953-959. Brooks, J. (2010). The process of parenting (8th edition) (ISBN 13: 9780073378763; ISBN 10: 0073378763). Cramer, P. (2000). Defense mechanisms in psychology today: Further processes for adaptation. American Psychologist, 55, 637-646. Cramer, P. (1999). Ego functions and ego development: Defense mechanisms and intelligence as predictors of ego level. Journal of Personality, 67, 735-760. Cloninger, C. R. ( 2003 ). Completing the psychobiological architecture of human personality development: Temperament, Character, Coherence. Understanding Human Development: Dialogues With Lifespan Psychology, 159-182. Dunkel C.S., Sefcek J.A. (2009) Eriksonian Lifespan Theory and Life History Theory: An Integration Using the Example of Identity Formation. Review of General Psychology, 13(1), 13-23. Erikson, E. H. (1963). Basic Books. Youth: change and challenge (ISBN 13: 978-0465093519, ISBN 10: 0465093515). Freud, S. (1940/1969). An outline of psychoanalysis. New York: Norton. Fisher, M. (2001). Alfred Adler. Muskingum college department of psychology. Retrieve from http://elvers.us/hop/index.asp?m=3a=65key=117 Freese, J., Power, B., Carr Steelman, L. (1999). Rebel without a cause or effect: birth order and social attitudes. American Sociological Review, 64, 207-231. Fisher, H., Freeman, M., Mitchell, L., Reed, S., Upton, A. (2012). Theories of human psychological functioning: a comparison. University of Phoenix. Graziano, G., W. (2003). journal of personality. Personality Development: An Introduction Toward Process Approaches To Long-Term Stability and Change in Persons, 71(6), 893-904 Kail, V. R., Cavanaugh, J.C. ( 2012 ). Essentials of human development. A Life-Span View. Retrieve from http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=nLMF-0JBNekCpg=PA10lpg=PA10dq=erikson+psychosocial+eight+stages+built+on+one+another+2010source=blots=8COktoHu7ssig=dQBORquQiaU7NjrNVRM1EKr8ROMhl=ensa=Xei=YuQLVIniDpK9uATisIKYAgved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=erikson psychosocial eight stages built on one another 2010f=false Lampi, E., Nordblom, K. (2008). Working papers in economics. Money and Success Sibling And Birth-Order-Effects On Positional Concerns. Retrieve from https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/9989/1/gunwpe0299.pdf Magnavita, J., J. (2003). handbook of personality disorders. Theory And Practice. Retrieve from http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=jhtvBV3i0rkCpg=PA68lpg=PA68dq=magnavita+presented+an+integrative+relational+model+that+blends+psychodynamic,+cognitive,+and+systems+theorysource=blots=vljW9Y9i87sig=FrjKAExOtY3jCpRATo0BlhNHr28hl=ensa=Xei=C5UCVJCHConY8gXQ2ICwAwved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=magnavita presented an integrative relational model that blends psychodynamic, cognitive, and systems theoryf=false McAdams, D.P., Olson, B.D. ( 2010). annu rev psychol. Personality Development Continuity And Change Over The Life Course, 61, 517-42. Palencik, J. (2011). Noncognitive affect: a study of mind and emotion. Proquest Dissertations and theses, Retrieve from http://ezproxy.utas.edu.au/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/854341352?account id=14245 Smith, I. (2000/2007/2010). Freud complete works. Retrieve from http://www.valas.fr/IMG/pdf/Freud_Complete_Works.pdf Sulloway, Frank J. (1996). Born to rebel: birth order, family dynamics, and creative lives. New York: Pantheon. Retrieve from http://www.sulloway.org/Holcomb.pdf Saroglous, V., Fiasse, L. (2003). Birth order, personality, and religion: A study among young adults from a three-sibling family. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 19-29